The etymon of the base type
crama is of Gallic descent. The first record can be found in Venantius Fortunatus (see below) in the sixth century. In the ninth and tenth century, it occurs in a commentary and medical prescriptions. Primarily, this base type denotes the concept
RAHM. The etymology of the French cognates is interesting: In
fro., the form
craime ‘crême du lait’ exists, as can be expected. However, in Middle French, the form
cresme 'la partie la plus épaisse du lait, qui s'élève à la surface quand on le laisse reposer, et dont on faire le beurre' is documented (cf.
FEW 2, 1271, 1272, under
crama). The last hint of the
s in this form, which can be found in the
ê in the French standard spelling (
crême), needs some clarification. It can be explained by a cross with the church word
chrisma 'anointing, unction' from
grc. χρῖσμα.
In Modern French, the form
crème became established and was then borrowed into Italian as
crema (cf.
DELI 1: 295). However, the base type
crama prevailed in Piedmontese, Lombard and Romansh although the initial was sonorised, like, e.g.,
roh. (Sursilvan)
groma /
roh. (Engadine)
gramma (cf.
HWdR, 381;
DRG, 7, 687, under
gramma).
Here, the German lexical type
Rahm is assigned to
crama as well, thus suggesting a new derivation based on the language contact in Alpine regions. In the
Kluge 2011, under
Rahm, the etymology is outlined from an Indo-Germanic perspective:
"
Rahm S[.]m 'cream'
std. (11. cent.),
mhd. roum,
mndd. rōm(e)[.] From
wg. *rauma- m. 'Rahm', also in
ae.rēam; with the respective ablaut
anord. rjúmi. If
*raugma- is to be assumed,
avest. raoγna- n.,
raoγniiā- f. 'butter' are comparable. Further origin unclear. The Modern High German form is based on a vernacular that led to the development from
mhd. ou to
ā . When
Rahm is semantically differentiated against
Sahne ('cream'), it refers to sour cream. Prefix derivation:
entrahmen; particle derivation:
abrahmen. Furthermore
nndl. room." (
Kluge 2011, online under
Rahm 1)
In this approach, the dialectal connections are ignored. However, the popularity of the type
fra. crème / ita. crema in the Romanesque Alpine region, more specifically, immediately below the Germanic-Romansh language border (cf.
map crama), must be taken into account.
The corresponding phonetic types with the vowel variants [æ], [e], [o] and [a] self-evidently lead back to a common original form, namely [a], since the raising of a stressed /a/ > [e] or > [æ] in an open syllable and rounding of an /a/ > [o] before a labial are completely regular. The resulting base type thus seems to be originating from Gallic (meaning from Celtic) (cf.
FEW 2, 1271–1274, under
crama). The word is documented in
Venantius Fortunatus (*540–600/610), who was born in Valdobbiadene in the south-eastern fringe of the Alps, north of Teviso. It would not be very plausible to try to explain the common area of these synonymous types
deu. Rahm and
roa. crama based on a coincidental intersection. Rather, the German base type should be assigned to the same Gallo-Roman base type.
The reduction of the
lat.-roa initial [kr-] >
deu. [r-] must be viewed related to the fact that 'in ger.,
h- before a consonant recedes in the 9th cent.' (
FEW 16, 249, under
*hrokk), as numerous similar forms show. In the early period of Germanic-Romansh language contact, the variant [hr-] must have still existed since
fra. froc 'frock' cannot be traced back to
roc, but only to
hroc with the substitution of the laryngeal fricative by a labiodental fricative. Kluge writes:
"
Rock[.]
Sm std. (9. cent.),
mhd. roc, rok,
ahd. (h)roc,
as. rok [.] From
wg. *rukka- m. 'Rock', also
af. rokk. Outside of Germanic,
air. rucht 'tunic',
kymr. rhuchen 'coat' are comparable. Anything else is unclear. There is another version with the initial
hr- in
ahd. hroc,
as. hroc,
afr. hrokk that likely led to
Frack through French (cf.
Kluge 2011, online, under
Frack). Also
nndl. rok." (
Kluge 2011, online, under
Rock).
This also explains the juxtaposition of
eng. horse and
deu. Ross g. *hrussa (cf.
Kluge 2011, under
Ross) and
deu. röcheln and
nisl. hrygla 'rattling throat',
lav. kraũkât 'to cough, to cough up sputum'
ine. *kruk- 'to snore, to wheeze, to grunt' (cf.
Kluge 2011, under
röcheln and the like).
Cortelazzo, Manlio/ Zolli, Paolo (1979): Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana, Bologna, Zanichelli
Bernardi, Rut/Decurtinis, Alexi/Eichenhofer, Wolfgang/Saluz, Ursina/Vögeli, Moritz (1994): Handwörterbuch des Rätoromanischen, Zürich, vol. 1-3, Offizin
Seebold, Elmar (2012): Kluge. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, Berlin, DeGruyter